Monday, September 19, 2011
Internet Culture
History of internet
A global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions. Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community.
| 1822- | Charles Babbage designs his first mechanical computer |
| 1848- | Boolean algebra is invented by George Boole |
| 1880- | Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone called the Photophone |
| 1895- | Radio signals were invented by Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1923- | Television Electronic was invented by Philo Farnsworth |
| 1924- | Electro Mechanical television system was invented by John Logie Baird |
| 1931- | Kurt Godel publishes a paper on the use of a universal formal language |
| 1937 - | Alan Turing develops the concept of a theoretical computing machine |
| 1959- | Paul Baran theorises on the "survivability of communication systems under nuclear attack", digital technology and symbiosis between humans and machines |
| 1963- | Douglas Engelbart invents and patents the first computer mouse (nicknamed the mouse because the tail came out the end) The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is developed to standardize data exchange among computers. |
| 1965- | Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson coin the term "hypertext" |
| 1971 - | E-mail was invented by Ray Tomlinson |
| 1973- | The minicomputer Xerox Alto (1973) |
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik I, triggering US President Dwight Eisenhower to create the ARPA agency to regain the technological lead in the arms race. ARPA appointed J.C.R. Licklider to head the new IPTO organization with a mandate to further the research of the SAGE program and help protect the US against a space-based nuclear attack. Licklider evangelized within the IPTO about the potential benefits of a country-wide communications network, influencing his successors to hire Lawrence Roberts to implement his vision.
Roberts led development of the network, based on the new idea of packet switching invented by Paul Baran at RAND, and a few years later by Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory. A special computer called an Interface Message Processor was developed to realize the design, and the ARPANET went live in early October, 1969. The first communications were between Leonard Kleinrock's research center at the University of California at Los Angeles, and Douglas Engelbart's center at the Stanford Research Institute.
The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was the Network Control Program. In 1983, it was replaced with the TCP/IP protocol invented Wby Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others, which quickly became the most widely used network protocol in the world.
In 1990, the ARPANET was retired and transferred to the NSFNET. The NSFNET was soon connected to the CSNET, which linked Universities around North America, and then to the EUnet, which connected research facilities in Europe. Thanks in part to the NSF's enlightened management, and fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the Internet exploded after 1990, causing the US Government to transfer management to independent organizations starting in 1995.
Culture speaks of who we are,where we have come from and where we are going.Culture is actually the attitude that a civilized man takes to life and expresses the same thought Art,music,literature and the like.Culture means only grace and ornaments that confine on individuals a kind of social distinctions,its value and influence would, in deed,be limited.but the modern age is tending to a gradual removal of separation between man and man as well as between class and class.
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